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En Busca de Identidad
We have based our main sources of
intelligence on articles appeared in the newspaper "Jaén" as well as in
the encyclopedia "Don Lope de Sosa" and documents facilitated by
individuals. Also us it has been of much utility the book "Jaén and its
one hundred towns" published in 1.987 and written by Francisco Olive ones
Barragán.
The history that turns around the Villares is an
incognito and the data which we have gathered, sometimes, do not seem to
have base some, reason why we do not dare to assure its
reliability.
Sheltered by the four cardinal points it does not have
strength nor castle and as children of its earth we ventured ourselves to
narrate the épica walking of a town in search of identity.
At the present time the Villares, has a population of 4,800 inhabitants
approximately, although it was in the decade of years 50 when h reached
the greater number of population with 5,642.
It limits with
Torredelcampo, Jaén, Valdepeñas de Jaén, Fuensanta de Martos and Martos.
Two training centers, are the exit for some of the young people whom they
try not to follow the tradition craftswoman of his parents, the public
school Our lady of the Rosary and the Comprehensive school the
Pandera.
Their older buildings are the house of the Vizconde, the City council
and the Church; first they are of century XVI, while the last one is of
century XV.
In 1.781 it is created the "Congregation and Company of Marianos
Soldiers of Our Lady of the Rosary". Continuous institution that in our
days.
Putting to us completely in its origin we will say that the name arises,
according to the tradition, as a result of the multitude of cortijos,
villas or farmhouses that in the town had. Despues of its union received
the name that it has at the present time and up to 1,600 it was added to
the jurisdiction of Jaén, despues of which it became Villa Real and
Vizcondado later.
A Real Certificate dated the 17 of March of
1,508 and signed by queen Doña Juana exists who says: "… and which also in
the Hill the Wind, in the Villares de Jige is a place to make another
population of three hundred neighbors, with the Hill of the Wind and
Vellida hole and haldas of the Old Port, with the Moraledas and the slope
of Jabalcuz, through the qual one it passes rio that dizen Cold Rio and on
the other hand rio of lirge which had much irrigation for territories of
Bread and güertas and vines and higares and olive groves and Mill in the
qual formerly seems to have had population ".
This fact was due to
the Real intention to repoblar all the province of Jaén and that also
agreed with the foundation of Real Spot, Valdepeñas de Jaén and Campillo
de Arenas, it names this last one that in certain occasion also showed our
town, the Villares de Arenas, being way towards Granada and to be in favor
constituted all along of numerous sand quarries. In 1.591 it had only 211
inhabitants and in 1.787 they happen to be 1.152.
One of the characteristics of the landscape villariego is the one of the
olive trees that, in fact, were planted in century XVI since before
zumaque that was used to make dyes, in addition to grapevines for the wine
existed the called plant.
In the term of the Villares there were
several important battles like the one of the Cave of the Contadero
between Punic Romans and or the one of Props of Navatrillo between
Christians and godos.
In 1.808 the Pedro guerrilla of the
Mayor parapetó in the Mountain range of Own with the horses that snatched
the French to him and who these kept in the meadow of Jabalcuz, overcoming
them.
Around years twenty 20 when peculiarly two bands existed in the Villares,
Eduardo Fields makes a series of investigations that next to the
excavations of the 1,921 and testimonies of some personages give to light
unpublished data until then, and show a civil past that goes back to the
Roman time, and they are even discovered dólmenes in the Pandera and But
Codes, and a tower that was talagot Iberian and watches Arab located to
the right of the Port of Navatrillo and the Prop of the Dead.
It is created, then, that the town of the Villares was the old Roman
Isturgi, that according to many means city next to the river.
In
the Pandera it existed another called city Turgi and another one in the
Majadillas, under the Cave of the Contadero, Hispaturgi. After the
excavations that were made is discovered one necrópolis located in
viñuelas, where was an Iberian treasure of silver and in the Orchard of
the Eyes he appeared sarcófago.
Of this necrópolis already is spoken in the date of the foundation
reason why it is discarded that could be done tombs to bury to the
deceaseds in the war of Independence, although also graves dedicated to
these exist.
There are some who say that she can be also a
cemetery that was transferred there when not being able to lodge the
church a too much elevated number of corpses. This contrasts
simultaneously with some objects found in these tombs and that they make
us think about his possible Roman origin since in multitude of them they
have appeared currencies and glasses of generally white ceramics; let us
remember that the Romans buried to deads with a currency in the language
to pay to Charon the passage to the Styx and a glass to drink. Peculiarly
the tombs are as a perron.
The archaeological rest are numerous of which it is spoken. In the Real
Certificate the Mill is already mentioned to us, where there are rest of
last life. Indeed, in documents of years 20 the found rest of a wall in
the Mill of the King are mentioned where also were two columns "of the
thickness of a costal plenty of wheat". Also it is spoken to us of the
location of four Roman bridges, one of which would be under waters of rio
Eliche in the environs of the Priscalea and the construction of baths in
the Eye of the Moral.
The student Francisco Bonilla and Anguita in "rancid Things of my town"
explains the collection to us of currencies that has managed to obtain in
diverse excavations and that they belong to diverse civilizations, as well
as the Roman, Greek or the Arab, possibly coined in Cástulo, Obulco or
Tucci, neighbor of Isturgi.
This city seems that it was destroyed
completely in year 416 by the vandals, who fleeing from the godos towards
Mauritania destroyed everything what they were to his step.
But
late, Pliny, that or outside by lack of good birth or another important
cause the Isturgenses founded a population, with the name of Oningi says,
near the Pandera, next to Fri'o river, towards the abundant pure water
lighting, located to very little distance of Isturgi, that got to be very
populated.
Many of the found pieces distribute so much in the
Archaeological Museum of Jaén like in the National Archaeological Museum,
but the aim is peculiar for which some other rest were used. Sarcófago
which we mentioned in the beginning was used as drinking trough and
"another antiguedad are a stone capital arenaceous of composed order, in
where they graze in the fields, combined coarsely, tracería of the gothic
style and the scrolls of the jónico. One was in an orchard of the Corner,
without Fuste nor bases when perforating the ground of one you inherit to
remove foundations from a field house.
All this takes to think to us not only about the disinterestedness of the
people of these years, but that makes us recall to mind about the data
that we have given previously.
In order to finalize this brief incursion on the history of the
Villares we cannot forget to us the time at which a lake covered these
earth. It was 25 million ago years, in the Tertiary era and the Miocene
period that place also gave to the rise of the Bética Mountain range.
The marine fossils are numerous that we can find. Gongora, that
seems to be that it was born in the Villares between 1838 and 1840
gathered the idea that the Lock, that dammed to that valley the water of
the rivers Eliche and Fri'o, could be opened by work of Cyclops, although
clear it is was but geologic work well.
We have observed after
these small notes, that in fact, the past of the Villares are about to
still to discover and that it is only known truthfully from century XVI.
The existence of previous civilizations is possible
supposition, although they are not possible to be located in concrete
nucleos due to the lack of urban archaeological rest, that seems to be
existed in other times not very distant.
Our identity, really, is in the air. Everyone can judge and to
interpret the facts as it wants and for it we recommended to read the
encyclopedia "Don Lope de Sosa" in the part referred to the Villares.
Work made by students of the Institute of education of Los
Villares
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